مجلة الفلسفة و الحكمة
Earliest Greek thought
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The Platonic academy (4th century B.C.)
Alexandria, was a center wher the Greecs students and schollers came in contact with the Egyptian, Jewish, oriental and later Christian Ideas.
The mediaeval thinkers Arabs, Jewish, and Latins built on the Greek schools of thoughts.
The development of ancient phylosophy could be divided into four phases of development.
1- Pre-Socratic phase, 6th century B.C.
In this phase attempts to give a rational account of the origin and existing state of the worldand the powers operative within it.
Parmenides,
The Eleatics,
The Greek theology was handed down from Homer and Hesiod
Theogony of Hesiod described the formation of the world from chaos, the emergence of several generations of gods and the successive ages of man
When the thinkers at Miletus on the Greek borders with Asia Minor started to tell it through ordinary form of language (prose) and started to use rational deduction and systematic observation they moved to philosophy, they thought about the development of varied world out of one basic substance with intrinsic power of development.
Anaximander, Each substance in the cosmos if exceed its bounds for a time it must pay recompense to other substances by what he called a system of "Justice"
The world is divine
The thinkers did not saw themselves as antagonists (opponents) of the traditional religion.
They thought they were to fulfil, rather than to destroy.
Colophon, asserted the unity and omnipresence of God.
Parmenides, and the Eleatics although they thought about being in general and not the physical world are included in the first phase.
Parmenides, thought that "Being" is perfectly homogeneous, immune from change and timeless (beyond any distinction of past, present and future), Have no origin, and is not personified.
The deduction of Parmenides was purely logical.
Heraclitus and Pythagorus were early followers of Parmenides.
Heraclitus, Tension between opposites is governed by a rational principle which holds them in balance. To understand the world you have to know the rational principle which is the key to understanding the world.
He concluded that judgment is relative and science (absolute rules of science) is impossible in the universal change. In the changing world measure and reason (logos) remain firm.
Pythagoras, the key to understand the world is to know the abstract principles which form a system represented by series of numbers. The sensible world in turn is derived from numbers (the presived world could be represented by mathimatical formulae.)
They try to show the complexity and difficulty of the concepts of change and movement.
Science of mathematics
Zeno, Melissus, Grgias, Anaxagoras,
Empedocles, Atomists, Leucippus, Democritus
2- Second phase, 5th century a movement centered in Athen initiated by Socrates and the Sophists
Socrates,470-399 B.C.
Sophists, (Protagoras,)
Socrates and the Sophists thought about moral and practical problems.
Could moral virtue be taught?
Is there one form of moral goodness or several forms of moral goodness?
Within what limits scientific knowledge is possible?
Aristotle,
Aristotle immediate successors.
Logic,
Theory of knowledge
3- Third phase 3rd century B.C.-1st century A.D.
Peace of mind, happiness, and ethics became the main subject in this school.
Sciences and knowledge started to be independent of philosophy
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